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ZK Sync - ZK Safe - Matter Labs (ZKSync)

Prepared by:

HALBORN

Last Updated Unknown date

Date of Engagement: May 20th, 2024 - May 31st, 2024

Summary

100% of all REPORTED Findings have been addressed

All findings

Critical

High

Medium

Low

Informational

1. Introduction
2. Assessment summary
3. Test approach and methodology
4. Risk methodology
5. Scope
6. Assessment summary & findings overview
7. Findings & Tech Details

7.1 Loss of eth when executing a transaction from the module

8. Automated Testing

1. Introduction

The 1kx team engaged Halborn to conduct a security assessment on their smart contracts and circuits, beginning on May 20, 2024, and ending on May 31, 2024. The security assessment was scoped to the smart contracts and circuits inside their zksafe GitHub repository, located at https://github.com/1kx-network/zksafe/blob/main, commit 5d55130d7a9deddf15025a479dff65ba8582def6.

2. Assessment Summary

The team at Halborn was provided two weeks for the engagement and assigned two full-time security engineers to assess the security of the smart contracts and the zero knowledge circuits. Both security engineers are blockchain, smart-contract, and ZK security experts with advanced penetration testing, smart-contract hacking, and deep knowledge of multiple blockchain protocols.

The purpose of this assessment is to achieve the following:

Ensure that the system operates as intended.
Identify potential security issues.
Identify lack of best practices within the codebase.
Identify systematic risks that may pose a threat in future releases.
Identify common ZK issues found in ZK circuits.

In summary, Halborn identified one security issue that was addressed by the 1kx team.

3. Test Approach and Methodology

Halborn performed a combination of manual and automated security testing to balance efficiency, timeliness, practicality, and accuracy in regard to the scope of this assessment. While manual testing is recommended to uncover flaws in logic, process, and implementation; automated testing techniques help enhance coverage of the code and can quickly identify items that do not follow the security best practices. The following phases and associated tools were used during the assessment:

Research into architecture and purpose.
Smart contract manual code review and walkthrough.
Graphing out functionality and contract logic/connectivity/functions (solgraph).
Manual assessment of use and safety for the critical Solidity variables and functions in scope to identify any arithmetic-related vulnerability classes.
Manual testing by custom scripts.
Static Analysis of security for scoped contract, and imported functions (slither).
Testnet deployment (Foundry).
Running ZK tests with nargo.

4. RISK METHODOLOGY

Every vulnerability and issue observed by Halborn is ranked based on two sets of Metrics and a Severity Coefficient. This system is inspired by the industry standard Common Vulnerability Scoring System.

The two Metric sets are: Exploitability and Impact. Exploitability captures the ease and technical means by which vulnerabilities can be exploited and Impact describes the consequences of a successful exploit.

The Severity Coefficients is designed to further refine the accuracy of the ranking with two factors: Reversibility and Scope. These capture the impact of the vulnerability on the environment as well as the number of users and smart contracts affected.

The final score is a value between 0-10 rounded up to 1 decimal place and 10 corresponding to the highest security risk. This provides an objective and accurate rating of the severity of security vulnerabilities in smart contracts.

The system is designed to assist in identifying and prioritizing vulnerabilities based on their level of risk to address the most critical issues in a timely manner.

4.1 EXPLOITABILITY

Attack Origin (AO):

Captures whether the attack requires compromising a specific account.

Attack Cost (AC):

Captures the cost of exploiting the vulnerability incurred by the attacker relative to sending a single transaction on the relevant blockchain. Includes but is not limited to financial and computational cost.

Attack Complexity (AX):

Describes the conditions beyond the attacker’s control that must exist in order to exploit the vulnerability. Includes but is not limited to macro situation, available third-party liquidity and regulatory challenges.

Metrics:

EXPLOITABILITY METRIC ( $m_e$ )	METRIC VALUE	NUMERICAL VALUE
Attack Origin (AO)	Arbitrary (AO:A) Specific (AO:S)	1 0.2
Attack Cost (AC)	Low (AC:L) Medium (AC:M) High (AC:H)	1 0.67 0.33
Attack Complexity (AX)	Low (AX:L) Medium (AX:M) High (AX:H)	1 0.67 0.33

Exploitability

E

is calculated using the following formula:

$E = \prod m_e$

4.2 IMPACT

Confidentiality (C):

Measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information resources managed by the contract due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting access to authorized users only.

Integrity (I):

Measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of data stored and/or processed on-chain. Integrity impact directly affecting Deposit or Yield records is excluded.

Availability (A):

Measures the impact to the availability of the impacted component resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. This metric refers to smart contract features and functionality, not state. Availability impact directly affecting Deposit or Yield is excluded.

Deposit (D):

Measures the impact to the deposits made to the contract by either users or owners.

Yield (Y):

Measures the impact to the yield generated by the contract for either users or owners.

Metrics:

IMPACT METRIC ( $m_I$ )	METRIC VALUE	NUMERICAL VALUE
Confidentiality (C)	None (C:N) Low (C:L) Medium (C:M) High (C:H) Critical (C:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Integrity (I)	None (I:N) Low (I:L) Medium (I:M) High (I:H) Critical (I:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Availability (A)	None (A:N) Low (A:L) Medium (A:M) High (A:H) Critical (A:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Deposit (D)	None (D:N) Low (D:L) Medium (D:M) High (D:H) Critical (D:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Yield (Y)	None (Y:N) Low (Y:L) Medium (Y:M) High (Y:H) Critical (Y:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

Impact

I

is calculated using the following formula:

$I = max(m_I) + \frac{\sum{m_I} - max(m_I)}{4}$

4.3 SEVERITY COEFFICIENT

Reversibility (R):

Describes the share of the exploited vulnerability effects that can be reversed. For upgradeable contracts, assume the contract private key is available.

Scope (S):

Captures whether a vulnerability in one vulnerable contract impacts resources in other contracts.

Metrics:

SEVERITY COEFFICIENT ( $C$ )	COEFFICIENT VALUE	NUMERICAL VALUE
Reversibility ( $r$ )	None (R:N) Partial (R:P) Full (R:F)	1 0.5 0.25
Scope ( $s$ )	Changed (S:C) Unchanged (S:U)	1.25 1

Severity Coefficient

C

is obtained by the following product:

$C = rs$

The Vulnerability Severity Score

S

is obtained by:

$S = min(10, EIC * 10)$

The score is rounded up to 1 decimal places.

Severity	Score Value Range
Critical	9 - 10
High	7 - 8.9
Medium	4.5 - 6.9
Low	2 - 4.4
Informational	0 - 1.9

5. SCOPE

REPOSITORY

(a) Repository: zksafe

(b) Assessed Commit ID: 5d55130

contracts/ZkSafeModule.sol
circuits/src/main.nr

Out-of-Scope: New features/implementations after the remediation commit IDs.

6. Assessment Summary & Findings Overview

Critical

High

Medium

Low

Informational

Security analysis	Risk level	Remediation Date
Loss of ETH when executing a transaction from the module	Medium	Solved - 05/30/2024

7. Findings & Tech Details

7.1 Loss of ETH when executing a transaction from the module

Medium

Description

Proof of Concept

BVSS

AO:A/AC:L/AX:L/C:N/I:N/A:M/D:M/Y:N/R:N/S:U (6.3)

Recommendation

Remediation Comment

8. Automated Testing

Halborn strongly recommends conducting a follow-up assessment of the project either within six months or immediately following any material changes to the codebase, whichever comes first. This approach is crucial for maintaining the project’s integrity and addressing potential vulnerabilities introduced by code modifications.

1. Introduction
2. Assessment summary
3. Test approach and methodology
4. Risk methodology
5. Scope
6. Assessment summary & findings overview
7. Findings & Tech Details

7.1 Loss of eth when executing a transaction from the module

8. Automated Testing

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ZK Sync - ZK Safe

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← Back to Audits

ZK Sync - ZK Safe - Matter Labs (ZKSync)

Prepared by:

HALBORN

Last Updated Unknown date

Date of Engagement: May 20th, 2024 - May 31st, 2024

Summary

100% of all REPORTED Findings have been addressed

All findings

Critical

High

Medium

Low

Informational

1. Introduction
2. Assessment summary
3. Test approach and methodology
4. Risk methodology
5. Scope
6. Assessment summary & findings overview
7. Findings & Tech Details

7.1 Loss of eth when executing a transaction from the module

8. Automated Testing

1. Introduction

2. Assessment Summary

The purpose of this assessment is to achieve the following:

Ensure that the system operates as intended.
Identify potential security issues.
Identify lack of best practices within the codebase.
Identify systematic risks that may pose a threat in future releases.
Identify common ZK issues found in ZK circuits.

In summary, Halborn identified one security issue that was addressed by the 1kx team.

3. Test Approach and Methodology

Research into architecture and purpose.
Smart contract manual code review and walkthrough.
Graphing out functionality and contract logic/connectivity/functions (solgraph).
Manual assessment of use and safety for the critical Solidity variables and functions in scope to identify any arithmetic-related vulnerability classes.
Manual testing by custom scripts.
Static Analysis of security for scoped contract, and imported functions (slither).
Testnet deployment (Foundry).
Running ZK tests with nargo.

4. RISK METHODOLOGY

The system is designed to assist in identifying and prioritizing vulnerabilities based on their level of risk to address the most critical issues in a timely manner.

4.1 EXPLOITABILITY

Attack Origin (AO):

Captures whether the attack requires compromising a specific account.

Attack Cost (AC):

Attack Complexity (AX):

Metrics:

EXPLOITABILITY METRIC ( $m_e$ )	METRIC VALUE	NUMERICAL VALUE
Attack Origin (AO)	Arbitrary (AO:A) Specific (AO:S)	1 0.2
Attack Cost (AC)	Low (AC:L) Medium (AC:M) High (AC:H)	1 0.67 0.33
Attack Complexity (AX)	Low (AX:L) Medium (AX:M) High (AX:H)	1 0.67 0.33

Exploitability

E

is calculated using the following formula:

$E = \prod m_e$

4.2 IMPACT

Confidentiality (C):

Integrity (I):

Availability (A):

Deposit (D):

Measures the impact to the deposits made to the contract by either users or owners.

Yield (Y):

Measures the impact to the yield generated by the contract for either users or owners.

Metrics:

IMPACT METRIC ( $m_I$ )	METRIC VALUE	NUMERICAL VALUE
Confidentiality (C)	None (C:N) Low (C:L) Medium (C:M) High (C:H) Critical (C:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Integrity (I)	None (I:N) Low (I:L) Medium (I:M) High (I:H) Critical (I:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Availability (A)	None (A:N) Low (A:L) Medium (A:M) High (A:H) Critical (A:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Deposit (D)	None (D:N) Low (D:L) Medium (D:M) High (D:H) Critical (D:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Yield (Y)	None (Y:N) Low (Y:L) Medium (Y:M) High (Y:H) Critical (Y:C)	0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

Impact

I

is calculated using the following formula:

$I = max(m_I) + \frac{\sum{m_I} - max(m_I)}{4}$

4.3 SEVERITY COEFFICIENT

Reversibility (R):

Describes the share of the exploited vulnerability effects that can be reversed. For upgradeable contracts, assume the contract private key is available.

Scope (S):

Captures whether a vulnerability in one vulnerable contract impacts resources in other contracts.

Metrics:

SEVERITY COEFFICIENT ( $C$ )	COEFFICIENT VALUE	NUMERICAL VALUE
Reversibility ( $r$ )	None (R:N) Partial (R:P) Full (R:F)	1 0.5 0.25
Scope ( $s$ )	Changed (S:C) Unchanged (S:U)	1.25 1

Severity Coefficient

C

is obtained by the following product:

$C = rs$

The Vulnerability Severity Score

S

is obtained by:

$S = min(10, EIC * 10)$

The score is rounded up to 1 decimal places.

Severity	Score Value Range
Critical	9 - 10
High	7 - 8.9
Medium	4.5 - 6.9
Low	2 - 4.4
Informational	0 - 1.9

5. SCOPE

REPOSITORY

(a) Repository: zksafe

(b) Assessed Commit ID: 5d55130

contracts/ZkSafeModule.sol
circuits/src/main.nr

Out-of-Scope: New features/implementations after the remediation commit IDs.

6. Assessment Summary & Findings Overview

Critical

High

Medium

Low

Informational

Security analysis	Risk level	Remediation Date
Loss of ETH when executing a transaction from the module	Medium	Solved - 05/30/2024

7. Findings & Tech Details

7.1 Loss of ETH when executing a transaction from the module

Medium

Description

Proof of Concept

BVSS

AO:A/AC:L/AX:L/C:N/I:N/A:M/D:M/Y:N/R:N/S:U (6.3)

Recommendation

Remediation Comment

8. Automated Testing

1. Introduction
2. Assessment summary
3. Test approach and methodology
4. Risk methodology
5. Scope
6. Assessment summary & findings overview
7. Findings & Tech Details

7.1 Loss of eth when executing a transaction from the module

8. Automated Testing

// Download the full report

ZK Sync - ZK Safe

* Use Google Chrome for best results

** Check "Background Graphics" in the print settings if needed

ZK Sync - ZK Safe

Matter Labs (ZKSync)

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Assessment Summary

3. Test Approach and Methodology

4. RISK METHODOLOGY

4.1 EXPLOITABILITY

Attack Origin (AO):

Attack Cost (AC):

Attack Complexity (AX):

Metrics:

4.2 IMPACT

Confidentiality (C):

Integrity (I):

Availability (A):

Deposit (D):

Yield (Y):

Metrics:

4.3 SEVERITY COEFFICIENT

Reversibility (R):

Scope (S):

Metrics:

5. SCOPE

6. Assessment Summary & Findings Overview

7. Findings & Tech Details

7.1 Loss of ETH when executing a transaction from the module

Description

Proof of Concept

BVSS

Recommendation

Remediation Comment

8. Automated Testing

Table of Contents

ZK Sync - ZK Safe

Matter Labs (ZKSync)

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Assessment Summary

3. Test Approach and Methodology

4. RISK METHODOLOGY

4.1 EXPLOITABILITY

Attack Origin (AO):

Attack Cost (AC):

Attack Complexity (AX):

Metrics:

4.2 IMPACT

Confidentiality (C):

Integrity (I):

Availability (A):

Deposit (D):

Yield (Y):

Metrics:

4.3 SEVERITY COEFFICIENT

Reversibility (R):

Scope (S):

Metrics:

5. SCOPE

6. Assessment Summary & Findings Overview

7. Findings & Tech Details

7.1 Loss of ETH when executing a transaction from the module

Description

Proof of Concept

BVSS

Recommendation

Remediation Comment

8. Automated Testing

Table of Contents